science

  #include <stdio.h> #include <math.h> int main () { int x ; x = 7 ; printf ( " %d " , x ); x = x + 8 ; printf ( " \n " ); printf ( " %d " , x ); printf ( " \n " ); x = x - 12 ; printf ( " %d " , x ); return 0 ; }

  #include <stdio.h> #include <math.h> int main () { printf ( "HELLO HWC \n " ); int x ; x = 7 ; printf ( " %d " , x ); x = 9 ; printf ( " \n " ); printf ( " %d " , x ); x = 200 ; printf ( " \n %d " , x ); return 0 ; }

  #include <stdio.h> #include <math.h> int main () {   float x , y ;   float rect_wight = 0.0001 ;   float area ;   int upper_limit , lower_limit ; printf ( "Enter upper Limit and Lower Limit \n " ); scanf ( " %d %d " ,& lower_limit ,& upper_limit ); for ( x = lower_limit ; x <= upper_limit ; x = x + rect_wight ){     y = pow ( x , 2 )+ 1 ;     area = area + y * rect_wight ;     printf ( "x: %f y: %f \n " , x , y , area );     } printf ( "Area under this curve is: %f \n " , area );     return 0 ; }

  #include <stdio.h> int main () {   printf ( "nn \n\n nn \n " );     printf ( "nn/n/nnn/n " );     return 0 ; }

  #include <stdio.h> int main () {     char fname [ 20 ], lname [ 20 ];     printf ( "Enter your name : " );     scanf ( " %s " , fname );     printf ( "Enter your name : " );     scanf ( " %s " , lname );     printf ( "your full name is %s %s " , fname , lname );   return 0 ; }

  #include <studio.h> int main () {     char ch ;     print ( "enter character : " );     scanf ( " %c " , & ch ); else if (ch >= 'a' && ch <= 'z' ) {     printf ( "lower case \n " ) } else {     print ( "not english latter \n " ); } return 0 ; }

#include "bits/stdc++.h" using namespace std; #define int long long  const int N = 1e5+2, MOD = 1e9+7; // ax+by = gcd(a,b) // ax+0=gcd(a,b) // gcd(d,0)=d // y= 0 struct triplt {     int x,y,gcd; }; tripet extendedEuclid(int a, int b) {     if (b==0)     {         triplet ans;         ans.x=1;         ans.gcd=a;         ans.y=0         return ans;     }     triplet smallAns = extendedEuclid(b,a%b);     triplet ans;     ans.x = smallAns.y;     ans.gcd = smallAns.gcd;     ans.y = smallAns.x - (a/b)*smallAns.y;       return ans; } int multicativeModuloInverse(int a, int m) {     triplet temp = extendedEuclid(a,m);     return tem.x; } signed main() {     int a,m;     cin >> a >> m;     cout<< multiplicativeModuloInvers...

  a = 10 b = 20 print ( a , b ) print ( 'a' , b ) print ( id ( a ), id ( b )) c = "hellow" print ( c ) a1 = 20 print ( a1 ) a_b = 35 print ( 'a_b' ) _a = 20 print ( _a )

  SchrO ̈dinger Equation 

Richard Phillips Feynman  Feynman passed away.. Richard Phillips Feynman (May 11, 1918 – February 15, 1988) was an American theoretical physicist, known for his work in the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics, the theory of quantum electrodynamics, the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium,(2 He) as well as his work in particle physics for which he proposed the patron model. For his contributions to the development of quantum electrodynamics, Feynman received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965 jointly with Julian Schwinger and Shin'ichirō Tomonaga. In 1978, Feynman sought medical treatment for abdominal pains and was diagnosed with liposarcoma, a rare form of cancer. Surgeons removed a "very large" tumor that had crushed one kidney and his spleen. Further operations were performed in October 1986 and October 1987.  He was again hospitalized at the UCLA Medical Center on February 3, 1988. A ruptured duodenal ulcer caused kidney failure, and h...

Almonds   Hight in vitamin  E , proteins , monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) , almonds are good for your cardiovascular health and keeping your arteries in a good shape . 

  Asparagus Rich in insoluble fiber , asparagus binds to any cholesterol in the digestive system and helps release it before it’s absorbed .

   Flax seeds Flax seeds are a good source of omega -3 fatty acid alpha – linolenic acid   (ALA) , which can reduce inflammation in the arteries.

Pistachios      If   you wish to keep a healthy heart and strong blood vessels , study suggests pistachios may help support it . it is a great source of healthy fats, fiber protein, and antioxidants .

 Whole grain is an excellent source of fiber , vitamins , minerals and other nutrients . It help control of cholesterol levels and also promotes healthy wight .

 Berries are rich in fiber , vitamin C , iron and B vitamins , all of which promote overall health, especially heart health .

Beans are rich in several nutrients and minerals .  It has fiber , which helps improve gut health , whereas vitamin B3 in beans helps keep the arteries unclogged. 

 Orange and grapefruit are packed with vitamin c , potassium ,fiber , and beta carotene.  This supports a healthy heart to a great extent . 

Beets  A glass of beetroot juice or a bowl of beetroot salad can help reduce arterial stiffness and boost nitrate absorption nine-food, according to a study form the university of the sunshine coast.  

 Dark chocolate  Dark chocolate can help improve the flexibility in the arteries, which can prevent arterial stiffness and white blood cell adhesion . 

    RELATION BETWEEN PHASE VELOCITY AND GROUP VELOCITY

 

  <! DOCTYPE html > < html > < head > < title > LineBreak Example </ title > </ head > < body > < p > Hellow < br />     Your delivered your assignment on time. < br />     Thanks < br />     ABCD </ p >     </ body >     </ html >

Mobility  As we have seen, conductivity arises from mobile charge carriers.  In metals, these mobile charge carriers are electrons; in an ionized gas, they are electrons and positive charged ions: in an electrolyte, these can be both positive and negative ions. An important quantity is the mobility u defined as the magnitude of  the drift velocity per unit electric field: The SI unit of mobility is m^2/vs and is 10^4 of the mobility in practical unit (cm^2/vs) . Mobility is positive  where T is the average collision time for electrons.

 Electron-deficit impurities Silicon or germanium can also be doped with a group 13 element like B. Al or Ga which contains only three valence electrons.  The place where the fourth valence electron is missing is called electron hole or electron vacancy (Fig.).  An electron from a neighboring atom can come and fill the electron hole, but in doing so it would leave an electron hole at its original position.  If it happens.  It would appear as if the electron hole has moved in the direction opposite to that of the electron that filled it.  Under the influence of electric field, electrons would move towards the positively charged plate through electronic holes, but it would appear as if electron holes are positively charged and are moving towards negatively charged plate.  This type of semi conductors are called p-type semiconductors.

 Electron-rich impurities Silicon and germanium belong to group 14 of the periodic table and have four valence electrons each.  In their crystals each atom forms four covalent bonds with its neighbors (Fig. )When doped with a group 15 element like P or As, which contains five valence electrons, they occupy some of the lattice sites in silicon or germanium crystal (Fig.).  Four out of five electrons are used In the formation of four covalent bonds with the four neighboring silicon atoms.  The fifth electron is extra and becomes delocalized. These delocalized electrons increase the conductivity of doped silicon (or germanium).  Here the increase in conductivity is due to the negatively charged electron. hence silicon doped with electron-rich impurity is called n-type semiconductor.

  A conductor may conduct electricity through movement of electrons or  of  Electricity to the latter.  Metals conduct electricity in solid as well as molten state.  The conductivity of metals depend upon the number of valence electrons available per atom.  The atomic orbitals of metal atoms form molecular orbitals which are so close in energy to each other as to form a band.  If this band is partially filled or it overlaps with a higher energy unoccupied conduction band, then electrons can flow eastly under an applied electric field and the metal shows conductivity (Fig.) If the gap between filled valence band and the next higher unoccupied band (conduction band) is large, electrons cannot jump to It and such a substance has very small conductivity and it behaves as an insulator (Fig.).

 Gamma rays They lie in the upper frequency range of the electromagnetic spectrum and have wavelengths of from about 10^-10m to less than 10^-14 m.  This high frequency radiation is produced in nuclear reactions and also emitted by radioactive nuclei.  They are used in medicine to destroy cancer cells.

 X-rays Beyond the UV region of the electromagnetic spectrum lies the X-ray region.  We are familiar with X-rays because of its medical applications. It covers wavelengths from about 10^-8 m (10 nm) down to 10^-13 m (10^-4 nm).  One common way to generate X-rays is to bombard a metal target by high energy electrons.  X-rays are used as a diagnostic tool in medicine and as a treatment for certain forms of cancer.  Because X-rays damage or destroy living tissues and organisms, care must be taken to avoid unnecessary or exposure.

Ultraviolet rays It covers wavelengths ranging from about 4 x 10^-7 m (400 nm) down to 6 x 10^-10m (0.6 nm). Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is produced by special lamps and very hot bodies.  The sun is an important source of ultraviolet light. But fortunately, most of it is absorbed in the ozone layer in the atmosphere at an altitude of about 40-50 km.  UV light in large quantities has harmful effects on humans.  Exposure to UV radiation induces the production of more melanin, causing tanning of the skin. UV radiation is absorbed by ordinary glass. Hence, one cannot get tanned or sunburn through glass windows.  Welders wear special glass goggles or face masks with glass windows to protect their eyes from large amount of UV produced by welding arcs.  Due to its shorter wavelengths, UV radiations can be focused into very narrow beams for high precision applications such as LASIK (Laser assisted in situ keratomileusis) eye surgery. UV lamps are used to kill  germs...

 Infrared waves Infrared waves are produced by hot bodies and molecules.  This band lies adjacent to the low frequency or long-wave length end of the visible. spectrum.  Infrared waves are sometimes referred to as heat uses. This is because water molecules present in most materials readily absorb infrared waves (many other molecules, for example. CO2, NH3, also absorb Infrared waves). After absorption, their thermal motion increases, that is, they heat up and heat their surroundings.  Infrared lamps are used in physical therapy.  Infrared radiation also plays an important role in maintaining the earth's warmth or average temperature through the greenhouse effect.  Incoming visible light (which passes relatively easily through the atmosphere) is absorbed by the earth's surface and re- radiated as infrared (longer wavelength) radiations.  This radiation is trapped by greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor .  Infrared detectors are u...

Visible rays It is the most familiar form of electromagnetic waves.  It is the part of the spectrum that is detected by the human eye.  It runs from about 4 x 10 Hz to about 7 x 10 Hz or a wavelength range of about 700- 400 nm.  Visible light emitted or reflected from objects around us provides us information about the world. Our eyes are sensitive to this range of wavelengths.  Different animals are sensitive to different range of wavelengths.  For example,  snakes can detect infrared waves, and the visible' range of many insects extends well into the ultraviolet. 

ANGULAR KINEMATICAL EQUATION   

 Sir JJ Thomson was the first scientist to provide the model of an atom. • His model was similar to a watermelon or a plum pudding. • According to his model, an atom consists of a positively charged sphere made up of protons and electrons are embedded in it. • He also proposed that an atom consisted of equal number of electrons and protons. • His model did not justify the results of some experiments later.

The Bragg law   The Bragg law is useful for equation measuring wavelengths and for determining the lattice spacing of crystals.  Fox equation  The Flory-Fox equation is a simple empirical formula that relates molecular weight to the glass transition temperature of a polymer system. Hildebrand equation The Hildebrand solubility parameter (delta ) provides a numerical estimate of the degree of interaction between materials, and can be a good indication of solubility, particularly for nonpolar materials such as many polymers. Materials with similar values of (delta ) are likely to be miscible. Carother's  equation  Carothers equation measures  the degree of the polymerization

  Bragg's law is a special case of Laue diffraction, which determines the angles of coherent and incoherent scattering from a crystal lattice. When X-rays are incident on a particular atom, they make an electronic cloud move like an electromagnetic wave. The movement of these charges radiates waves again with similar frequency, slightly blurred due to different effects, and this phenomenon is known as Rayleigh scattering. Basically, this law explains the relationship between an x-ray light shooting and its reflection from a crystal surface.     2dsin θ =n  λ The crystal can diffraction x-ray because the interplanar  spacing in the crystal lattice is of the same order as that of wavelength of x-ray  Application of Bragg's law  In the case of XRF (X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy) or WDS (Wavelength Dispersive Spectrometry), crystals of known d-spacings are used for analyzing crystals in the spectrometer Bragg's Diffraction Bragg's diffraction was fi...

  Young's modulus represents the factor of proportionality in Hooke's law, which relates the stress and the strain. However, Hooke's law is only valid under the assumption of an elastic and linear response. Rubber behavior is not like a linear material when applied the stress on it. Rubber modulus or elastic modulus calculate at different specific strain such as 100%, 200% or 300% due to non-linear behavior of the rubber material when applied stress.

 Entropy Factor.   Entropy is the name we scientists call disorder. Entropy is proportional to the amorphous or disorder in the chains. PE has lower disorder than PP. Polyethylene and polypropylene form an immiscible blend mainly due to the entropy factor.

     Bingham Plastic  :  A Bingham body represents the case of an ideal plastic material which supports a finite stress before a strain is initiated.  Thus, after the material reaches a definite Stress level known as the yield stress, sigma 0, a finite strain rate is generated, the Stress-strain rate relationship is assumed to be linear, as in Newtonian fluids, but only after attainment of the yield stress (sigma 0 ) . Shear stress equation for bingham plastic is given by: Examples: clay suspensions, drilling mud. toothpaste, mayonnaise, chocolate and mustard. Pseudoplastic:  The behavior of most real plastics is, however, characterized by non- linear relationships which are concave downward as shown by the pseudoplastic behavior.  Most plastic melts, solutions or dispersions exhibit pseudoplastic flow patterns. At rest, long chain molecules of a plastic melt, solution or dispersion are believed to engage each other into stable associations as a c...

The de Broglie Hypothesis  Since light seems to have both wave and particle properties, it is natural to ask whether matter (electrons, protons) might also have both wave and particle characteristics. In 1924, a French physics student, Louis de Broglie, suggested this idea in his doctoral dissertation. For the wavelength of electron, de Broglie chose:  h= plank's constant (6.63*10^-34 j.s)  m = mass  v= velocity  E=pc=hv=hc/lambda    light      two types 1. PARTICLE 2.WAVE  1. particle                                                photoelectric effect              E k  = hf − ϕ                                                Compton Effect    λ′−λ=...

 ANGLE OF CONTACT The angle of contact between a liquid and a solid is defined as the angle enclosed between the tangent to the liquid surface and the solid surface which is in contact the liquid as show in the figure  given below   The angle of contact varies between 0° to 180°. For the liquids which wet the surface of solid (such as water and glass), the angle of contact is acute, while those for liquids which do not wet the surface of solid (such as mercury and glass), the angle of contact is obtuse. Angle of contact decreases with the addition of impurities whereas it increases if temperature is increased.

 PHYSICAL QUANTITIES                                                         SI UNIT Velocity =displace /time                                                m/s Acceleration =velocity/time                                          m/s^2 Force = mass* acceleration                                           kg ----m/s^2 = newton or N  Work = force *displacement                                         kg----...

Photoelectric effect  photo means photons  (light particle)  light speed 3*10^8 m/s  electric means electricity  VISIBLE LIGHT VIBGYOR                                                                                            NON VISIBLE UV RAY INFRADE RAY  ALWAYS DEPEND METAL SURFACE  EX  ALKALI METALS group 01   11 Na 19 K  37 Rb 55Cs 87Fr  (visible light )  not alkali metal Ex Al Zn  USE UV RAY  NON METAL EXTERIME UV RAY  Photoelectric effect  DEFINNATION  When a light of suitable frequency is incident on a surface of metal then the electrons are emitted from metal surface. This phenomenon is known as photoelectric effect . Threshold frequency is defined as the minimum ...